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'''Amerikansk simrall'''<ref>[[Sveriges ornitologiska förening]] (2016) [http://www.sofnet.org/sveriges-ornitologiska-forening/svenska-namn-pa-varldens-faglar/varldslistan-i-webbformat/ Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sofnet.org/sveriges-ornitologiska-forening/svenska-namn-pa-varldens-faglar/varldslistan-i-webbformat/ |date=20141018105319 }}, läst 2016-02-10</ref> (''Heliornis fulica'') är en [[fågel]] i familjen [[simrallar]] inom ordningen [[tran- och rallfåglar]].<ref name = "CC">Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download], läst 2015-08-11</ref> Den placeras som enda art i släktet '''''Heliornis''''', och förekommer i det tropiska låglandet från södra [[Mexiko]] till nordöstra [[Argentina]] och [[Brasilien]].<ref name="CC"/> [[Internationella naturvårdsunionen]] (IUCN) kategoriserar arten som [[livskraftig]].<ref name="IUCN"/>
'''Amerikansk simrall'''<ref>[[Sveriges ornitologiska förening]] (2016) [http://www.sofnet.org/sveriges-ornitologiska-forening/svenska-namn-pa-varldens-faglar/varldslistan-i-webbformat/ Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sofnet.org/sveriges-ornitologiska-forening/svenska-namn-pa-varldens-faglar/varldslistan-i-webbformat/ |date=20141018105319 }}, läst 2016-02-10</ref> (''Heliornis fulica'') är en liten vattenlevande [[tran- och rallfåglar|rallfågel]]]].<ref name = "CC">Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download], läst 2015-08-11</ref> som förekommer i tropiska och subtropiska Amerika, från nordöstra [[Mexiko]] till centrala [[Ecuador]] och södra [[Brazilien]].<ref name="neotropical.birds.cornell.edu">Luo, Miles. K. (2009, October 16). ''Heliornis fulica'' (T. S. Schulenberg, Ed.). Retrieved December 10, 2012, from The Cornell Lab of Ornithology website: http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=142196</ref>


Den placeras som enda idag förekommande art inom sitt släkte '''''Heliornis'''''. Den tillhör familjen [[Heliornithidae]] som bara omfattar två till arter som i sin tur placeras i var sitt släkte.<!--: the [[African finfoot]], ''Podica senegalensis'', found in the [[Afrotropical realm|Afrotropics]] from Sub-saharan [[Forest zone|West Africa]] and the [[Congo Basin]] through the [[African Great Lakes|Great Lakes]]' western shores to [[Eastern miombo woodlands|Southeast Africa]], and the masked or [[Masked finfoot]] ''Heliopais personatus'', found from eastern [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalaya]] down through [[Sundaland]] to the [[Wallace Line]].<ref name="creagrus" />-->

Den amerikanska simrallen har liknande simhud som [[doppingar]] och[[ sothöns]], som den använder för att ta sig fram i vattnet. Den är en skygg fågel, som föredrar överväxta långsamströmmande bäckar och åar och isolerade vattendrag, och simmar ibland delvis under vattnet likt [[ormhalsfåglar]].<ref name="planetofbirds.com">Sungrebe (''Heliornis fulica''). (2011, May 8). Retrieved December 10, 2012, from Planet of Birds website: http://www.planetofbirds.com/gruiformes-helionithidae-sungrebe-heliornis-fulica</ref>

Amerikansk simrall är unik bland fåglarna då hanen under vingen har en "pung" som består av en hudflik och fjädrar som den bär ungen i, från det att den kläckts till att den kan simma själv.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Alvarez del Toro|first=M.|year=1971 | title=On the biology of the American finfoot in southern Mexico | journal=Living Bird |volume=10|pages=79–88}}</ref> This has led to them being called "Marsupial Birds"<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Environment/NHR/queer.html|title=Queer Birds - Marsupial Avians, Compost Heaters and Obligate Parasites|last=Majka|first=Christopher| year=1992 |work=New Brunswick Naturalist|access-date=}}</ref>

[[Internationella naturvårdsunionen]] (IUCN) kategoriserar arten som [[livskraftig]].<ref name="IUCN"/>

== Systematik ==
Arten beskrevs första gången 1781 av den franske mångsysslaren [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]] i hans verk ''Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux'' utifrån ett [[Specimen (zoologi)|specimen]] insamlat i [[Cayenne]] i [[Franska Guiana]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Buffon | first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | year=1781 | title=Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux | volume=Volume 15 | place=Paris | publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale | pages=385–386 | chapter=Le grèbe-foulque | language=French | chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42298808 }}</ref> En handkolorerad gravyr av detta specimen skapade av [[François-Nicolas Martinet]] och publicerades i ''Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle'', som medföljde Buffons bok.<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Buffon | first1=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author1-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | last2=Martinet | first2=François-Nicolas | author2-link=François-Nicolas Martinet | last3=Daubenton | first3=Edme-Louis | author3-link=Edme-Louis Daubenton | last4=Daubenton | first4=Louis-Jean-Marie | author4-link=Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton | year=1765–1783 | chapter=Le grebifoulque, de Cayenne | title=Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle | volume=Volume 9 | place=Paris | publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale | at=Plate 893 | chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35224689 }}</ref> Varken illustrationen eller Buffons text innehöll något vetenskapligt namn, men 1783 myntade den holländska naturvetaren [[Pieter Boddaert]] det binomiala namnet ''Colymbus fulica''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Boddaert | first=Pieter | author-link=Pieter Boddaert | year=1783 | title=Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés | publisher= | place=Utrecht | page=54, Number 893 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27822674 | language=French }}</ref>

Idag placeras amerikansk simrall som ensam art i släktet ''Heliornis'', som beskrev 1791 av den franske naturvetaren [Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Pierre Bonnaterre]], med amerikansk simrall som [[typart]].<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Bonnaterre | first1=Pierre Joseph | author1-link=Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre | last2=Vieillot | first2=Louis Pierre | author2-link=Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot | year=1823 | title=Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature: Ornithologie | volume=Part 1 | language=French | location=Paris | publisher=Panckoucke | page=lxxxiv | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51114659 }} Även om titelbladet bär årtalet 1823, så publicerades kapitlet ''livraison'', där beskrivningen förekommer redan år 1791. Se: {{ cite book | last1=Dickinson | first1=E.C. | author1-link=Edward C. Dickinson | last2=Overstreet | first2=L.K. | last3=Dowsett | first3=R.J. | last4=Bruce | first4=M.D. | year=2011 | title=Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers | location=Northampton, UK | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-1-5 | page=78 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267763194 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=Flufftails, finfoots, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin | work=World Bird List Version 9.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/flufftails/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=18 July 2019 }}</ref> Släktnamnet kombinerar [[gammalgrekiska]]ns ''hēlios'', som betyder "sol", och ''ornis'' som betyder "fågel". Artepitetet ''fulica'' är latin och betyder "sothöna".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=165, 188 }}</ref> No subspecies are recognised.<ref name=ioc/>

Hur familjen [[Heliornithidae]] är besläktad med övriga grupper inom familjen Gruiformes är omdiskuterat. Vissa genetiska studier indikerar att familjen är systertaxa med tranorna i familjen [[Gruidae]], medan andra indikerar att de istället är systertaxa med rallarna i familjen [[Rallidae]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Livezey| first=B.C.|year=1998|title=A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae)|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume=353 |issue=1378 | pages=2077–2151 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1998.0353|pmc=1692427}}</ref> Ytterligare andra studier visar istället att de är mest närbesläktade med gruppen [[dunrallar]], som tidigare behandlades som en grupp inom rallarna, men som idag placeras i familjen [[Sarothruridae]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Claramunt |first=Santiago| last2=Cracraft|first2=Joel|year=2015|title=A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds | journal=Science Advances |volume=1| issue=11|pages=e1501005| doi=10.1126/sciadv.1501005|pmc=4730849}}</ref> Sarothruridae, in turn, is considered a sister clade to Rallidae.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Garcia-R|first=Juan C.|last2=Gibb|first2=Gillian C.|last3=Trewick|first3=Steve A.|year=2014 | title=Deep global evolutionary radiation in birds: Diversification and trait evolution in the cosmopolitan bird family Rallidae |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=81 |pages=96–108| doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.008}}</ref>
[[Fil:Heliornithidae.jpg|thumb|Utbredningen av familjen Heliornithidae, med amerikansk simrall i grönt.]]
Den amerikanska simrallens närmsta släkting inom familjen är [[asiatisk simrall]], vilket DNA-studier visar, vilket indikerar att simrallarna utvecklades i Afrika och att de därifrån spridit sig via [[Eurasien]], över [[Beringssund]], genom Nordamerika för att nå Sydamerika. Denna spridingteori förklarar också varför det inte finns några simrallar i den [[australiska regionen]], och hur simrallarna har kunnat kolonisera de kontinentala delarna av [[Neotropiska regionen|neotropikerna]] medan de saknas helt på de större öarna i [[Karibien]].<ref name="neotropical.birds.cornell.edu" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fain|first=Matthew G.|last2=Krajewski|first2=Carey|last3=Houde|first3=Peter|date=May 2007|title=Phylogeny of "core Gruiformes" (Aves: Grues) and resolution of the Limpkin–Sungrebe problem|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=43|issue=2|pages=515–529|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.015|issn=1055-7903}}</ref>
<!--
==Description==
The female is a small, slim bird, averaging about {{cvt|30|cm}} in length. Sungrebes have lobed toes, and the bare skin of their feet and legs are boldly banded in yellow and black. The body plumage is mostly varying shades of reddish brown, while the head and neck are strikingly patterned with a black crown and nape and white stripes along the sides of its neck, as well as a white throat and chin. The long tail (almost a third of the total length) extends well beyond the body in flight, and sits fanned out on or just below the surface of the water while the bird swims. Females have a rufous patch on the side of the face that brightens to a cinnamon-orange color during the breeding season. Also during the breeding season, her eye ring becomes brighter in color and her lower mandible goes from dark red to bright scarlet. Slightly shorter on average than the male, with a slightly shorter wingspan, {{cvt|13.77|cm}}, but slightly more powerfully-built with a higher average mass, {{cvt|130|-|140|g}}.<ref name="neotropical.birds.cornell.edu" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Birds of Venezuela|last=Hilty | first=Steven L.| year=2003|publisher=Christopher Helm|isbn=978-0713664188|location=London}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Sungrebe3.jpg|Female in breeding plumage. Note the orange cheek patch and red bill.
File:Sungrebe Heliornis fulica female, Rio Claro, Transpantaneira, Poconé, Mato Grosso, BRAZIL.jpg|Female in breeding plumage
File:Sungrebe (Heliornis fulica) (5818992107).jpg|Female
</gallery>
The male is similar to the female, but has slightly drabber plumage; in particular the male lacks the bright orange-rufous patch on the cheeks that the female displays, and while his lower mandible turns from pale beige to dark red during the breeding season, it does not get as bright as that of the female. On average he is slightly longer and with a wider wingspan {{cvt|14.1|cm}} than the female, but more lightly built with a lower average mass (110-140g).<ref name="neotropical.birds.cornell.edu" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
<gallery>
File:Sungrebe2.jpeg|Male in breeding plumage. Note the duller overall plumage, the duller red bill, and the lack of a cheek-patch.
File:Sungrebe.jpg|Male. Note that his bill has turned beige-white out of breeding season
File:Sungrebe (Heliornis fulica) (7222522808).jpg|Male
File:Sungrebe head and foot detail.png|Head and foot of a female<ref name=":6"/>
</gallery>

Juveniles have similar plumage to the male, but are slightly smaller, and with a grayer cast to the body feathers and more white on the cheeks and neck.<ref name="neotropical.birds.cornell.edu" />

==Distribution and habitat==
Sungrebes are found in heavily vegetated, mostly freshwater wetland environments, from northeast Mexico south along the [[Gulf of Mexico|Gulf]] and [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]] coasts through Panama, where they live throughout the [[Panama Canal|Canal Zone]] and [[Darién Gap|Darien]], and then along the Pacific coast from Panama through central Ecuador. They are also found throughout the [[Orinoco Basin|Orinoco]] and [[Amazon basin|Amazon Watershed]], the [[Pantanal]], and the [[Atlantic Forest|Brazilian Atlantic Rainforests]]. Aside from [[Trinidad and Tobago#Biodiversity|Trinidad and Tobago]], they are not found in most Caribbean nations, and seem to have difficulty dispersing over long distances of saltwater. Though occasionally recorded at higher elevations, the sungrebe is usually associated with lowlands from sea level to around 500 meters. They are residents throughout their range; they do not seem to migrate.<ref name="neotropical.birds.cornell.edu" />

Sungrebes seem to be expanding the northern limit of their range in northeastern Mexico. They were historically found no farther north than central [[Veracruz]], but by the 1940s had established populations throughout Veracruz and into [[San Luis Potosí]]. They are now expanding their range further north in [[Tamaulipas]],<ref name="neotropical.birds.cornell.edu" /> and an individual was sighted on 13 November 2008 on the Marsh Loop at [[Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge]] in New Mexico, USA,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.azfo.org/gallery/Sungrebe.html|title=Sungrebe (''Heliornis fulica''), Bosque del Apache NWR, New Mexico|last=|first=|date=2008-11-18|website=Arizona Field Ornithologists|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> the first historical record of Sungrebes in the United States.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=S.O.|last2=King|first2=S.A.| last3=Fettig| first3=K.R.| last4=Oldnettel|first4=J.R. |last5=Parmeter|first5=J.E.|year=2009|title=A Sungrebe (''Heliornis fulica'') in New Mexico: a first for the United States | journal=North American Birds| volume=63|pages=4–9}}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
===Breeding===
The sungrebe has a mating season that begins in the middle of April during the "early [[wet season]]"; breeding is correlated with rainfall and corresponding high water levels that flood habitat and bring the sort of low-overhanging vegetation that subgrebes like to build their nest in. The bolder coloration of the females, as well as their greater mass and the males' role as primary caregiver for the young, suggest that females court the males, although this has not yet been observed.<ref name="neotropical.birds.cornell.edu" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> Both the male and female birds take part in the nest building, which typically consists of twigs, reeds, and dried leaves. The nest is a flimsy platform placed about a meter above the water's surface.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

There are usually two to four eggs in a clutch. They are round in shape with a buffy white to pale cinnamon base color, with irregularly-shaped dark cinnamon, ruddy brown, and pale purple sports scattered uniformly over the surface at variable densities from egg to egg.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Ingels|first=Johan|last2=Tauleigne|first2=David|year=2011|title=First record of a Sungrebe (''Heliornis fulica'') nest in French Guiana|url=http://sao.org.co/publicaciones/boletinsao/20%282%29/NC420%282%29Ingels&Tauleigne.pdf|journal=Boletín SAO|publisher=|volume=20|issue=2|pages=52–55|via=}}</ref> The eggs hatch after an unusually short [[Egg incubation#Avian incubation|incubation period]] of only 10 to 11 days. Both sexes share responsibility in the incubation of the eggs; the female sits on the nest for most of the daylight hours and throughout the night, while male incubates them during the middle part of the day. Unlike their close relatives, the African and Asian finfoot, whose chicks are said to be [[Precociality|precocial]], sungrebe chicks are [[Altriciality|altricial]] upon hatching, blind and defenseless with only sparse down and poorly matured feet and bill.<ref name="neotropical.birds.cornell.edu" /><ref name="creagrus">{{cite web |url=http://creagrus.home.montereybay.com/sungrebes.html |title=SUNGREBE & FINFOOTS Heliornithidae |publisher=Bird Families of the World |date=5 April 2000 |accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref> They are covered with fuzzy down that is [[Countershading|countershaded]] slate-gray with a white belly and throat. The bill is slate-gray with a pale yellow tip.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://focusingonwildlife.com/news/wildfocus/featured/sungrebe-and-baby/|title=Mother and Baby » Focusing on Wildlife|website=Focusing on Wildlife|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>

Males transfer the young to their pouches soon after hatching and keep them there, feeding them and cleaning out their waste, until they are able to swim and feed independently. For some period of time after this, the chicks continue to follow their father and perhaps their mother, often riding on their back.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /> It is unknown how involved mothers are in the care of their young after hatching.

====Pouch====
[[File:Heliornis fulica male pouch diagram.jpg|thumb|right|Diagram of chick inside pouch; dotted lines show feather wall that holds chick in pouch]]
The pouch of a male sungrebe is a shallow, ovular pocket formed by pleats of well-muscled skin that extend along the side of the chest under the wings, further buffered by a wall of long, curved feathers growing upwards and backwards from the lower part of the side of the chest. These feathers hold chicks in place during movement, even allowing a male to carry them while diving and flying. The bird appears to have some muscular control over the shape of the pleats, and can restrict or enhance fluid flow into the tissue to make them more or less rigid. Each pouch can hold one or two chicks.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/punctuated-equilibrium/2011/oct/22/7|title=Mystery bird: Sungrebe, Heliornis fulica|last=GrrlScientist|date=2011-11-22|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":8">Sungrebe or American Finfoots. (2012). Retrieved December 10, 2012, from BeautyOfBirds (formerly Avian Web) website: http://www.beautyofbirds.com/sungrebes.html</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://tetzoo.com/blog/2018/11/29/pouches-of-the-sungrebe|title=Pouches of the Sungrebe|last=Naish|first=Darren|date=2018-11-29|website=Tetrapod Zoology|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

It is unknown whether other finfoots share this trait, as it does not persist in [[Taxidermy#Study skins|prepared skins]] and would be difficult to spot even in fresh specimens unless one knew to seek it out.<ref name=":9" />

Since no other species of bird have been found that have pouches, it is difficult to say how this evolved; however, in [[Jacanidae|Jacanas]], a tropical [[Wader|wading bird]] found in the same habitat as finfeet in which males also provide most of the parental care, young are frequently sheltered and even carried by tucking them under the wings and holding them against the body. This could have been the ancestral state for Sungrebes, as well.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":9" />

===Food and feeding===
[[File:Sungrebe (Heliornis fulica) (5771826725).jpg|thumb|Foraging in Tortuguro National Park, Costa Rica.]]
Sungrebes prefer quiet forest streams and rivers, freshwater ponds, and lakes with thick, overhanging vegetation.<ref name=":3" /> Here, they hunt snails and a variety of terrestrial and aquatic arthropods, as well as small fish, frogs and lizards. They will also eat some plant matter, including seeds and fruit.<ref name="creagrus" /> Most hunting and foraging takes place on or just above the surface of the water, although they may make short dives after fish and frogs, or hunt from low perches over the water.<ref name="planetofbirds.com" />

Sungrebes live at variable, but generally low population densities, and are generally solitary or found in pairs.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=The birds of British Guiana, based on the collection of Frederick Vavasour McConnell.|last=Chubb|first=Charles.|last2=McConnell|first2=Frederick Vavasour| year=1916 | publisher=B. Quaritch| location=London|doi = 10.5962/bhl.title.55018}}</ref> They do not [[Bird migration|migrate]] seasonally, except to move out of drying habitats and into flooding ones within their range. It is not known how far juvenile sungrebes disperse after fledging, nor is it known if one sex preferentially disperses. It might be notable, however, that erratic sungrebes found outside of their known range have tended to be females.<ref name="neotropical.birds.cornell.edu" /><ref name=":10" />

There is also no information on life span, age at first breeding, or mortality rates of young.

==Conservation status==
Given that their range is very large and that the species is not directly targeted for human use, [[BirdLife International]] (2009) the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUNC]] evaluates the conservation status of the Sungrebe as of [[Least-concern species|Least Concern]].<ref>Butchart, S., & Ekstrom, J. (Eds.). (2012). Sungrebe. Retrieved December 6, 2012, from BirdLife International website: http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=2802</ref> Their northward expansion seems to justify that status. However, very little is known about any population of sungrebe, including the nature of their risk factors and whether the range of the Sungrebe consists of a single large population at low risk or a series of genetically distinct populations at higher risk. Further, tropical wetland areas are attractive targets for [[Tropical agriculture|agricultural usage]] and [[Environmental impact of reservoirs|hydroelectric projects]].<ref name="neotropical.birds.cornell.edu" /><ref name="planetofbirds.com" /> The Sungrebe's preference for heavy cover and tendency to avoid the presence of humans may limit its ability to cope with the [[Overurbanization|rapid urbanization]] of Latin America. Nevertheless, Sungrebes seem to be faring much better than their relatives, who live in much more population-dense, much less well protected or environmentally regulated parts of the world.<ref name="neotropical.birds.cornell.edu" /><ref name=":8" />

==Local Names==
*[[English language|English]]: Sungrebe, American Finfoot<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=097FAA36037C0D0D&lang=EN&avibaseid=097FAA36037C0D0D|title=Sungrebe: Heliornis fulica (Boddaert, 1783)|last=LePage|first=Denis|date=2018|website=Avibase|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
*[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: Ipequí, Avesol Americano, Colimbo-selvático Americano, Pájaro Cantil, Pájaro del Sol, Patas Lobuladas, Pato Cantil, Zambullidor-Sol<ref name=":5" />
*[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: Ipequi, Pequi, Picaparra, Marrequinha-do-Igapó, Mergulhão, Patinho-de-Igapó, Ananai, Dom-dom<ref name=":5" />
*[[Guarani language|Guarani]]: Ypeky<ref name=":5" />
*[[Wayampi language|Wayampi]]: Pẽkĩ<ref name=":5" />
*[[Emerillon language|Emerillon]]: Pẽki<ref name=":5" />
*[[Macushi language|Makushi]]: Yawiwa<ref name=":6" />
*[[Warao language|Warao]]: Oranih<ref name=":6" />
*[[Sranan Tongo|Sranan]]: Watra-en<ref name=":5" />
*[[Guianan Creole|Guianese Creole]]: Souroukou<ref name=":5" />
*[[Karipúna French Creole language|Karipúna Creole]]: Dondon<ref name=":5" />
*[[French language|French]]: Picpare, Grébifoulque d'Amérique, Grébifoulque de Cayenne<ref name=":5" />
*[[Dutch language|Dutch]]: Kleine Fuutkoet<ref name=":5" />

==Fossil history==
A 14 million year-old fossil humerus identical to that of ''Heliornis fulica'' was found in the [[Middle Miocene|Mid-Miocene]] [[Pungo River Formation]] in North Carolina, USA. This is the earliest-known Finfoot fossil, and its discovery raised questions as to whether thus far undiscovered South American ancestors of sungrebes moved into North America well before the [[Great American Interchange]], or if they instead came across [[Beringia]] and then moved into South America when the [[Isthmus of Panama]] formed.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Olson|first=Storrs L.|date=2003|title=First fossil record of a finfoot (Aves: Heliornithidae) and its biogeographical significance.|url=https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/1556|journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume=116|issue=3|pages=732–736|via=Smithsonian Research Online}}</ref>
-->
== Referenser ==
== Referenser ==
<references/>
<references/>

Versionen från 5 november 2019 kl. 14.02

Amerikansk simrall
Status i världen: Livskraftig (lc)[1]
Systematik
DomänEukaryoter
Eukaryota
RikeDjur
Animalia
StamRyggsträngsdjur
Chordata
UnderstamRyggradsdjur
Vertebrata
KlassFåglar
Aves
OrdningTran- och rallfåglar
Gruiformes
FamiljSimrallar
Heliornithidae
SläkteHeliornis
ArtAmerikansk simrall
H. fulica
Vetenskapligt namn
§ Heliornis fulica
Auktor(Boddaert, 1783)

Amerikansk simrall[2] (Heliornis fulica) är en liten vattenlevande rallfågel]].[3] som förekommer i tropiska och subtropiska Amerika, från nordöstra Mexiko till centrala Ecuador och södra Brazilien.[4]

Den placeras som enda idag förekommande art inom sitt släkte Heliornis. Den tillhör familjen Heliornithidae som bara omfattar två till arter som i sin tur placeras i var sitt släkte.

Den amerikanska simrallen har liknande simhud som doppingar ochsothöns, som den använder för att ta sig fram i vattnet. Den är en skygg fågel, som föredrar överväxta långsamströmmande bäckar och åar och isolerade vattendrag, och simmar ibland delvis under vattnet likt ormhalsfåglar.[5]

Amerikansk simrall är unik bland fåglarna då hanen under vingen har en "pung" som består av en hudflik och fjädrar som den bär ungen i, från det att den kläckts till att den kan simma själv.[6] This has led to them being called "Marsupial Birds"[7]

Internationella naturvårdsunionen (IUCN) kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.[1]

Systematik

Arten beskrevs första gången 1781 av den franske mångsysslaren Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon i hans verk Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux utifrån ett specimen insamlat i Cayenne i Franska Guiana.[8] En handkolorerad gravyr av detta specimen skapade av François-Nicolas Martinet och publicerades i Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle, som medföljde Buffons bok.[9] Varken illustrationen eller Buffons text innehöll något vetenskapligt namn, men 1783 myntade den holländska naturvetaren Pieter Boddaert det binomiala namnet Colymbus fulica.[10]

Idag placeras amerikansk simrall som ensam art i släktet Heliornis, som beskrev 1791 av den franske naturvetaren [Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Pierre Bonnaterre]], med amerikansk simrall som typart.[11][12] Släktnamnet kombinerar gammalgrekiskans hēlios, som betyder "sol", och ornis som betyder "fågel". Artepitetet fulica är latin och betyder "sothöna".[13] No subspecies are recognised.[12]

Hur familjen Heliornithidae är besläktad med övriga grupper inom familjen Gruiformes är omdiskuterat. Vissa genetiska studier indikerar att familjen är systertaxa med tranorna i familjen Gruidae, medan andra indikerar att de istället är systertaxa med rallarna i familjen Rallidae.[14] Ytterligare andra studier visar istället att de är mest närbesläktade med gruppen dunrallar, som tidigare behandlades som en grupp inom rallarna, men som idag placeras i familjen Sarothruridae.[15] Sarothruridae, in turn, is considered a sister clade to Rallidae.[16]

Utbredningen av familjen Heliornithidae, med amerikansk simrall i grönt.

Den amerikanska simrallens närmsta släkting inom familjen är asiatisk simrall, vilket DNA-studier visar, vilket indikerar att simrallarna utvecklades i Afrika och att de därifrån spridit sig via Eurasien, över Beringssund, genom Nordamerika för att nå Sydamerika. Denna spridingteori förklarar också varför det inte finns några simrallar i den australiska regionen, och hur simrallarna har kunnat kolonisera de kontinentala delarna av neotropikerna medan de saknas helt på de större öarna i Karibien.[4][17][18]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2012 Heliornis fulica Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 1 februari 2016.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2016) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter Arkiverad 18 oktober 2014 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., läst 2016-02-10
  3. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2015-08-11
  4. ^ [a b] Luo, Miles. K. (2009, October 16). Heliornis fulica (T. S. Schulenberg, Ed.). Retrieved December 10, 2012, from The Cornell Lab of Ornithology website: http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=142196
  5. ^ Sungrebe (Heliornis fulica). (2011, May 8). Retrieved December 10, 2012, from Planet of Birds website: http://www.planetofbirds.com/gruiformes-helionithidae-sungrebe-heliornis-fulica
  6. ^ Alvarez del Toro, M. (1971). ”On the biology of the American finfoot in southern Mexico”. Living Bird 10: sid. 79–88. 
  7. ^ Majka, Christopher (1992). ”Queer Birds - Marsupial Avians, Compost Heaters and Obligate Parasites”. New Brunswick Naturalist. http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Environment/NHR/queer.html. 
  8. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1781). ”Le grèbe-foulque” (på french). Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. "Volume 15". Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Sid. 385–386. 
  9. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). ”Le grebifoulque, de Cayenne”. Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. "Volume 9". Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 893. 
  10. ^ Boddaert, Pieter (1783) (på french). Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés. Utrecht. Sid. 54, Number 893. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27822674. 
  11. ^ Bonnaterre, Pierre Joseph; Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1823) (på french). Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature: Ornithologie. "Part 1". Paris: Panckoucke. Sid. lxxxiv. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51114659.  Även om titelbladet bär årtalet 1823, så publicerades kapitlet livraison, där beskrivningen förekommer redan år 1791. Se: Dickinson, E.C.; Overstreet, L.K.; Dowsett, R.J.; Bruce, M.D. (2011). Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers. Northampton, UK: Aves Press. Sid. 78. ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267763194. 
  12. ^ [a b] ”Flufftails, finfoots, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin”. World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. 2019. https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/flufftails/. Läst 18 juli 2019. 
  13. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. Sid. 165, 188. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. 
  14. ^ Livezey, B.C. (1998). ”A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae)”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 353 (1378): sid. 2077–2151. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0353. 
  15. ^ Claramunt, Santiago; Cracraft, Joel (2015). ”A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds”. Science Advances 1 (11): sid. e1501005. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501005. 
  16. ^ Garcia-R, Juan C.; Gibb, Gillian C.; Trewick, Steve A. (2014). ”Deep global evolutionary radiation in birds: Diversification and trait evolution in the cosmopolitan bird family Rallidae”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81: sid. 96–108. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.008. 
  17. ^ Referensfel: Ogiltig <ref>-tagg; ingen text har angivits för referensen med namnet :2
  18. ^ Fain, Matthew G.; Krajewski, Carey; Houde, Peter (May 2007). ”Phylogeny of "core Gruiformes" (Aves: Grues) and resolution of the Limpkin–Sungrebe problem”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43 (2): sid. 515–529. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.015. ISSN 1055-7903. 

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